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Second Semester Terms
 * Thaddeus Stevens || Radical republic congressman ||
 * Ku Klux Klan || Anti-black terrorist organization established by Nathan Bedford Forrest ||
 * Black codes || Legislation passed under presidential reconstruction to re-enslave freedmen ||
 * Jim Fisk || Financier and Banker responsible for the Black Friday conspiracy ||
 * Jay Gould || Railroad magnate master mind of Black Friday conspiracy ||
 * William Marcy Tweed || Corrupt boss of Tammany Hall caricatured by Thomas Nast ||
 * Horace Greeley || NY Editor quoted "go west young man" Presidential Candidate ||
 * Crédit Mobilier || Scandalous construction company employed by Union Pacific ||
 * Leland Stanford || One of big four of Central Pacific RR later governor of California ||
 * Cornelius Vanderbilt || Shipping an railroad owner who Controlled NY Central RR ||
 * Alexander Graham Bell || Inventor of Telephone ||
 * Thomas Alva Edison || Inventor of the phonograph, incandescent light bulb, motion picture, & Dictaphone ||
 * Knights of Labor || Oliver Kelley's successful labor organization discredited by the Haymarket bombing ||
 * Andrew Carnegie || Steel industry pioneer whose vertical integration of production & distribution dominated the world market. ||
 * John D. Rockefeller || Old financier whose Standard Oil Corporation controlled most of the nations refining and distribution capacity. ||
 * J. Pierpont Morgan || Corporate banker whose trusts holding companies restrained competition an created virtual monopolies. ||
 * Samuel Gompers || Founding president of the American Federation of Labor ||
 * Jane Addams || Social worker & reformer whose Hull House began the settlement house movement. ||
 * Booker Taliaferro Washington || Ex slave who became the headmaster of Tuskegee Institute, proposed the Atlanta compromise, & following the death of Frederick Douglass became the most famous African-American. ||
 * W. E. B. DuBois || African-American founder of the Niagra movement which challenged segregation and helped establish the NAACP ||
 * NAACP || National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was established to secure equal rights for all citizens. ||
 * Ida B. Wells || African-American civil rights & anti-lynching advocate, feminist, and a founder of the NAACP ||
 * G. W. Carver || African-American chemist and plant scientist at Tuskegee Institute. ||
 * Mark Twain (S. L. Clemens) || American humorist and social critic author of //Huckleberry Finn//. ||
 * Stephen Crane || Writer of The Red Badge of Courage and Maggie, girl of the streets promoting realism in literature. ||
 * Henry James || Psychological novelist and critic of gilded age society in such novels as the //American// & //Washington// //Square//. ||
 * Elizabeth Cady Stanton || Feminist convener of the Seneca Falls convention. Co-founder of National Woman's Suffrage Assn. ||
 * Susan B. Anthony || Abolitionist, temperance advocate, feminist. Co-founder of National Woman's Suffrage Assn. ||
 * Winslow Homer || Painter & illustrator known for maritime subjects. ||
 * Frederick Remington || Illustrator sculptor of the vanishing west he popularized that subject and the war with Spain. ||
 * Phillip Sheridan || Civil War Cavalry General who successfully subdued the plains Indians in three wars ||
 * George Armstrong Custer || Commander of 7th cavalry regiment massacred at the Battle of the Little Big Horn ||
 * William F. Cody || Buffalo Hunter, Army Scout in the Red River War, & Wild West Showman "Buffalo Bill." ||
 * Sitting Bull || Shaman of the Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux at Little Big Horn. ||
 * Crazy Horse || War Chief of Oglala Lakota at Little Big Horn. ||
 * Chief Joseph || Chief of Nez Perce in their attempt to escape reservation confinement. ||
 * Buffalo soldiers || African American soldiers in the 9th & 10th cavalry and 24th & 25th infantry during the Indian Wars ||
 * Geronimo || Fearsome renegade Chief of the Chiricahua Apache ||
 * John Wesley Powell || Surveyor and first descender of the Colorado river through the Grand Canyon. ||
 * Frederick Jackson Turner || Wisconsin Professor who formulated a thesis of the Frontier as safety valve for the 1893 Columbian Exposition. ||
 * William Jennings Bryan || Pro free silver Populist/Democratic candidate in the 1896 election, Wilson's first Sec. of State & later anti-evolutionist friend of the Court in the Scopes trial. ||
 * Yellow press || Sensationalist newspapers designed to attract readers and advertising with comic pages and manufactured stories. ||
 * Joseph Pulitzer || Editor of the //New York World.// ||
 * William Randolph Hearst || Editor of the //New York Journal// ||
 * Spanish American War || American adventure in imperialism by which the US acquired the Philippines, Guam, & Puerto Rico. ||
 * Alfred Thayer Mahan || Author of //The Influence of Sea Power on History// & Captain at the Naval War College ||
 * George Dewey || Commander of the American fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay. ||
 * Theodore Roosevelt || Activist & progressive President ||
 * The Square Deal || Roosevelt's campaign slogan promising equitable dealing with all citizens. ||
 * Panama Canal || Trans-isthmian Canal advocated and built by the US under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt ||
 * Walter Reed || Army doctor who discovered the cause of yellow fever. ||
 * Muckrakers || Investigative journalists who exposed threats to public interest in politics and business. ||
 * Louis Brandeis || Progressive who won //Muller v. Oregon//, helped outline the Federal Reserve Act, & was appointed to the Supreme Court by Wilson ||
 * Federal Reserve Act || Created a central bank owned by other banks and backed in part with federal securities. ||
 * Frances Willard || Temperance advocate and founder of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. ||
 * Upton Sinclair || Muckraking journalist who exposed unsanitary conditions in the Meat Packing industry in his novel //The Jungle//. ||
 * Gifford Pinchot || America's first forester whose conflict with Sec Ballinger contributed to the Roosevelt-Taft split. ||
 * Jack London || Popular writer in the genre of wilderness fiction &naturalism. ||
 * John Muir || Conservationist founder of the Sierra Club instrumental in the formation of Yosemite Park. ||
 * Eugene V. Debs || Socialist lawyer and presidential candidate arrested for his vocal opposition to WWI ||
 * John J.(Blackjack) Pershing || Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI ||
 * The Versailles Treaty || Peace treaty & charter of the League of Nations intended to end WWI & secure lasting peace. ||
 * Henry Cabot Lodge || Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations committee whose reservations helped defeat the Versailles Treaty. ||
 * Alfred E. Smith || Happy Warrior governor of NY, Presidential candidate, a founder of the liberty party ||
 * Douglas MacArthur || General, removed bonus marchers, cmdr W. Pacific, gov of Japan, UN cmdr Korean War, Fired by Truman for his defiance of the C in C. ||
 * Bonus March || WWI Veterans who went to Washington for relief and early payment of bonus in 1932. ||
 * New Deal || Agencies and Policies of relief, recovery and reform instituted by FDR & Congress ||
 * Eleanor Roosevelt || Legs and eyes of FDR, Most traveled first lady to that period. ||
 * Huey Long || Louisiana populist politician or demagogue assassinated in 1935. ||
 * Social Security Act || Old age, survivors, disability, and unemployment insurance. ||
 * John Steinbeck || Author of //Grapes of Wrath// capturing the conditions of migrant farm workers. ||
 * Joseph Stalin || Soviet Dictator forced collectivization of farms, purges, nonaggression treaty, cold war. ||
 * Benito Mussolini || Fascist dictator of Italy whose black shirts were models for Hitler SA. ||
 * Winston Churchill || Conservative Prime Minister of Britain who stood against Hitler, originated the phrase Iron Curtain. ||
 * Battle of the Bulge || American response to Hitler's December 1944 counterattack in the Ardennes forest. ||
 * Hirohito || Emperor of Japan co opted by the US to aid reconstruction of Japan ||
 * // Enola Gay // || Airplane that dropped the 1st atomic bomb on Japan at Hiroshima ||
 * Adolph Hitler || Nazi dictator chiefly responsible for WWII and genocide against European Jews. ||
 * Chiang Kai-Shek || Leader of Kuomintang government of China defeated by Mao Zedong ||
 * Bernard Montgomery || British commander in North Africa and Europe. ||
 * Erwin Rommel || Nazi Blitzkrieg commander organizer of the Africa and defense of Fortress Europe. ||
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower || Commander of American invasion of North Africa and Allied invasion of Europe, later president. ||
 * Geo. S. Patton || Flamboyant tank General known as old blood and guts. Relieved Bastogne in the Battle of the Bulge. ||
 * Taft-Hartley Act || 1947 act prohibiting closed shops and allowing the President to enjoin strikes against the national interest for a 90 day cooling off period. ||
 * Berlin Airlift || US coordinated air supply of the essentials for life in Berlin from 1948-49 when Soviets cut off ground transportation to the western zones within its sector of Germany. ||